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In Venezuela, since the opening of the Teatro Caracas and, earlier, the Teatro Maderero (then called Teatro de la Zarzuela), there whas been a great lyrical tradition ranging from serious opera to operetta, zarzuela, and Spanish musical reviews. The first Venezuelan opera was ''El maestro Rufo Zapatero'' an opera buffa composed in 1848 by José María Osorio.〔http://www.pdvsa.com/index.php?tpl=interface.sp/design/readmenu_estancia.tpl.html&newsid_obj_id=6052&newsid_temas=273〕 ''Virginia'' by José Ángel Montero (sometimes incorrectly called the first Venezuelan opera) debuted in 1877, under the auspices of Antonio Guzmán Blanco. Another major early Venezuelan opera composer was Reynaldo Hahn, who was greatly influenced by his teacher Massenet. He greatly expanded the genre of French operetta, of which ''Ciboulette'' was his most famous work; he also composed operas.〔http://www.epdlp.com/compclasico.php?id=1025〕 Before the foregoing had occurred, José María Osorio had composed early zarzuelas. The first Venezuelan zarzuela to debut, however, was José Ángel Montero's ''Los alemanes en Italia'', in the 1860s. Montero also debuted the zarzuelas ''El Cumpleaños de Leonor'', ''El Charlatán Mudo'', ''La Modista'', and many others. Another major zarzuela composer was Pedro Elías Gutiérrez, who used Venezuelan rhythms in his works. His most important work was perhaps ''Alma Llanera'', with lyrics by Rafael Bolívar Coronado. In the 20th century, Caracas had a rich cultural tradition. Teatro Maderero, Teatro Caracas, and the more modern Teatro Nacional de Caracas and Teatro Municipal de Caracas competed for the public's attention. The Teatro Maderero and Teatro Caracas, after the construction of the latter two, played a secondary role and were nearly always used for popular musical acts, such as reviews and fandango. The Teatro Nacional was the theater for the country's finest zarzuela, while the Municipal typically staged Italian, German and French works, which were more serious. In contemporary Venezuela, there are great lyrical composers, including María Luisa Escobar, whose works include ''Kanaime'', ''Orquídeas Azules'', and ''Princesa Girasol''. Other important composers include Hector Pellegatti (author of the ''verismo'' opera ''El Negro Miguel'' with lyrics by Pedro Blanco Vilariño),〔http://www.el-carabobeno.com/p_pag_hcar.aspx?id=c180904-02〕 Alexis Rago (author of ''El Páramo'', ''Miranda'', and ''Froilán el Infausto''),〔http://www.caronimusic.com/pagesEspagnol/alexis.php?idsession=&pagec=〕 and Federico Ruíz (author of the famous opera buffa ''Los Martirios de Colón'', with a libretto by Aquiles Nazoa).〔http://www.ministeriodelacultura.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2247&Itemid=134〕 Today Venezuelan operas are typically held in the Teatro Teresa Carreño. ==See also== Opera in Latin America 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Opera in Venezuela」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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